The account ID on the AWS console. This is a 12-digit number such as 123456789012 It is used to construct Amazon Resource Names (ARNs). When referring to resources such as an IAM user or a Glacier vault, the account ID distinguishes these resources from those in other AWS accounts. Acceptable value: Account ID. If you create a new alias for your AWS account, the new alias overwrites the previous alias, and the URL containing the previous alias stops working. The account alias must contain only digits, lowercase letters, and hyphens. For more information on limitations on AWS account entities, see IAM and AWS STS quotas.Elastic Load Balancing provides access logs that capture detailed information about requests sent to your load balancer. Each log contains information such as the time the request was received, the client's IP address, latencies, request paths, and server responses. You can use these access logs to analyze traffic patterns and troubleshoot issues. To use the IAM API to list your uploaded server certificates, send a ListServerCertificates request. The following example shows how to do this with the AWS CLI. aws iam list- server -certificates. When the preceding command is successful, it returns a list that contains metadata about each certificate. The AWS secrets engine generates AWS access credentials dynamically based on IAM policies. This generally makes working with AWS IAM easier, since it does not involve clicking in the web UI. Additionally, the process is codified and mapped to internal auth methods (such as LDAP). The AWS IAM credentials are time-based and are automatically ... Steps to Enable MFA Delete Feature. Create S3 bucket. Make sure you have Root User Account Keys for CLI access. Configure AWS CLI with root account credentials. List and Verify Versioning enabled for the Bucket. List the Virtual MFA Devices for Root Account. Enable MFA Delete on Bucket. Test MFA Delete.In section “AWS account principals” the AWS informs us that when specifying an AWS account, we can use ARN (arn:aws:iam::AWS-account-ID:root), or a shortened form that consists of the AWS: prefix followed by the account ID: KMS and Key Policy. KMS is a managed service for the creation, storage, and management of cryptographic keys.AWS S3 deny all access except for 1 user - bucket policy. I have set up a bucket in AWS S3. I granted access to the bucket for my IAM user with an ALLOW policy (Using the Bucket Policy Editor). I was able to save files to the bucket with the user. I have been working with the bucket for media serving before, so it seems the default action is to ...Go to IAM. Go to Roles. Choose Create role. When asked to select which service the role is for, select EC2 and choose Next:Permissions . You will change this to AWS Control Tower later. When asked to attach policies, choose AdministratorAccess. Choose Next:Tags. You may see an optional screen titled Add tags.A policy is an object in AWS that, when associated with an identity or resource, defines their permissions. AWS evaluates these policies when an IAM principal (user or role) makes a request. Permissions in the policies determine whether the request is allowed or denied. Most policies are stored in AWS as JSON documents.Elastic Load Balancing provides access logs that capture detailed information about requests sent to your load balancer. Each log contains information such as the time the request was received, the client's IP address, latencies, request paths, and server responses. You can use these access logs to analyze traffic patterns and troubleshoot issues. For Actions, start typing AssumeRole in the Filter box and then select the check box next to it when it appears. Choose Resources, ensure that Specific is selected and then choose Add ARN. Enter the AWS member account ID number and then enter the name of the role that you previously created in steps 1–8. Choose Add. AWS Identity and Access Management. AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a web service for securely controlling access to AWS services. With IAM, you can centrally manage users, security credentials such as access keys, and permissions that control which AWS resources users and applications can access.Topics Friendly names and paths IAM ARNs Unique identifiers Friendly names and paths When you create a user, a role, a user group, or a policy, or when you upload a server certificate, you give it a friendly name. Examples include Bob, TestApp1, Developers, ManageCredentialsPermissions, or ProdServerCert. You must add permissions that allow specific AWS principals to create an interface VPC endpoint to connect to your endpoint service. To add permissions for an AWS principal, you need its Amazon Resource Name (ARN). The following list includes the ARNs for several example AWS principals.Aug 23, 2022 · Using AWS CLI. Run the list-virtual-MFA-devices command (OSX/Linux/UNIX) using custom query filters to return the ARN of the active virtual MFA device assigned to your AWS root:; aws iam list ... Using AWS CLI. Run the list-virtual-MFA-devices command (OSX/Linux/UNIX) using custom query filters to return the ARN of the active virtual MFA device assigned to your AWS root:; aws iam list ...ARNs are constructed from identifiers that specify the service, Region, account, and other information. There are three ARN formats: arn:aws: service: region: account-id: resource-id arn:aws: service: region: account-id: resource-type / resource-id arn:aws: service: region: account-id: resource-type: resource-id.The following are the general formats for ARNs. The specific formats depend on the resource. To use an ARN, replace the italicized text with the resource-specific information. Be aware that the ARNs for some resources omit the Region, the account ID, or both the Region and the account ID. To find the ARN of an IAM role, run the [aws iam get-role][2] command or just go and check it from the IAM service in your account web console UI. An AWS account ID; The string "*" to represent all users; Additionally, review the Principal elements in the policy and check that they're formatted correctly. If the Principal is one user, the ...Sep 6, 2019 · In my current terraform configuration I am using a static JSON file and importing into terraform using the file function to create an AWS IAM policy. Terraform code: resource "aws_iam_policy" "example" { policy = "${file("policy.json")}" } AWS IAM Policy definition in JSON file (policy.json): The AWS secrets engine generates AWS access credentials dynamically based on IAM policies. This generally makes working with AWS IAM easier, since it does not involve clicking in the web UI. Additionally, the process is codified and mapped to internal auth methods (such as LDAP). The AWS IAM credentials are time-based and are automatically ...For example, if the they obtained temporary security credentials by assuming a role, this element provides information about the assumed role. If they obtained credentials with root or IAM user credentials to call AWS STS GetFederationToken, the element provides information about the root account or IAM user. This element has the following ... Logging IAM and AWS STS API calls with AWS CloudTrail. IAM and AWS STS are integrated with AWS CloudTrail, a service that provides a record of actions taken by an IAM user or role. CloudTrail captures all API calls for IAM and AWS STS as events, including calls from the console and from API calls. If you create a trail, you can enable ...Jul 3, 2019 · Mainly there are four different way to setup the access via cli when cluster was created via IAM role. 1. Setting up the role directly in kubeconfig file. Nov 17, 2022 · Typical AWS evaluation of access (opens in a new tab) to a resource is done via AWS’s policy evaluation logic that evaluates the request context, evaluates whether the actions are within a single account or cross-account (opens in a new tab) (between 2 distinct AWS accounts), and evaluating identity-based policies with resource-based policies ... Go to 'Roles' and select the role which requires configuring trust relationship. Click 'Edit trust relationship'. Please replace the account IDs and IAM usernames/roles with your account ID and IAM usernames/roles. Using the "root" option creates a trust relationship with all the IAM users/roles in that account. 5.Security Hub identity-based policies. With IAM identity-based policies, you can specify allowed or denied actions and resources as well as the conditions under which actions are allowed or denied. Security Hub supports specific actions, resources, and condition keys. To learn about all of the elements that you use in a JSON policy, see IAM JSON ...AWS S3 deny all access except for 1 user - bucket policy. I have set up a bucket in AWS S3. I granted access to the bucket for my IAM user with an ALLOW policy (Using the Bucket Policy Editor). I was able to save files to the bucket with the user. I have been working with the bucket for media serving before, so it seems the default action is to ...Oct 17, 2012 · The permissions that are required to administer IAM groups, users, roles, and credentials usually correspond to the API actions for the task. For example, in order to create IAM users, you must have the iam:CreateUser permission that has the corresponding API command: CreateUser. To allow an IAM user to create other IAM users, you could attach ... Find your AWS account ID. You can find the AWS account ID using either the AWS Management Console or the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI). In the console, the location of the account ID depends on whether you're signed in as the root user or an IAM user. The account ID is the same whether you're signed in as the root user or an IAM user.The aws_iam_role.assume_role resource references the aws_iam_policy_document.assume_role for its assume_role_policy argument, allowing the entities specified in that policy to assume this role.With IAM identity-based policies, you can specify allowed or denied actions and resources as well as the conditions under which actions are allowed or denied. Security Hub supports specific actions, resources, and condition keys. To learn about all of the elements that you use in a JSON policy, see IAM JSON Policy Elements Reference in the IAM ... If you have 2FA enabled. You need to generate session token using this command aws sts get-session-token --serial-number arn-of-the-mfa-device --token-code code-from-token. arn-of-the-mfa-device can be found in your profile, 2FA section. Token, is generated token from the device. aws-account-id. The AWS account ID of the owner. region. The Region for your load balancer and S3 bucket. yyyy/mm/dd. The date that the log was delivered. load-balancer-id. The resource ID of the load balancer. If the resource ID contains any forward slashes (/), they are replaced with periods (.). end-timeAll principals More information Specifying a principal You specify a principal in the Principal element of a resource-based policy or in condition keys that support principals. You can specify any of the following principals in a policy: AWS account and root user IAM roles Role sessions IAM users Federated user sessions AWS services All principals In section “AWS account principals” the AWS informs us that when specifying an AWS account, we can use ARN (arn:aws:iam::AWS-account-ID:root), or a shortened form that consists of the AWS: prefix followed by the account ID: KMS and Key Policy. KMS is a managed service for the creation, storage, and management of cryptographic keys.First, check the credentials or role specified in your application code. Run the following command on the EMR cluster's master node. Replace s3://doc-example-bucket/abc/ with your Amazon S3 path. aws s3 ls s3://doc-example-bucket/abc/. If this command is successful, then the credentials or role specified in your application code are causing the ...Elastic Load Balancing provides access logs that capture detailed information about requests sent to your load balancer. Each log contains information such as the time the request was received, the client's IP address, latencies, request paths, and server responses. You can use these access logs to analyze traffic patterns and troubleshoot issues. Mainly there are four different way to setup the access via cli when cluster was created via IAM role. 1. Setting up the role directly in kubeconfig file.You can create root user access keys with the IAM console, AWS CLI, or AWS API. A newly created access key has the status of active, which means that you can use the access key for CLI and API calls. You are limited to two access keys for each IAM user, which is useful when you want to rotate the access keys.You can create root user access keys with the IAM console, AWS CLI, or AWS API. A newly created access key has the status of active, which means that you can use the access key for CLI and API calls. You are limited to two access keys for each IAM user, which is useful when you want to rotate the access keys. AWS Identity and Access Management. AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a web service for securely controlling access to AWS services. With IAM, you can centrally manage users, security credentials such as access keys, and permissions that control which AWS resources users and applications can access. This data source exports the following attributes in addition to the arguments above: account_id - AWS Account ID number of the account that owns or contains the calling entity. arn - ARN associated with the calling entity. id - Account ID number of the account that owns or contains the calling entity. user_id - Unique identifier of the calling ...Nov 3, 2022 · In a trust policy, the Principal element indicates which other principals can assume the IAM role. In the preceding example, 111122223333 represents the AWS account number for the auditor’s AWS account. This allows a principal in the 111122223333 account with sts:AssumeRole permissions to assume this role. To allow a specific IAM role to ... For example, a principal similar to arn:aws:iam::123456789012:root allows all IAM identities of the account to assume that role. For more information, see Creating a role to delegate permissions to an IAM user .Since I can't use wildcards in the NotPrincipal element, I need the full assumed-role ARN of the Lambda once it assumes the role. UPDATE: I tried using two conditions to deny all requests where the ARN does not match the ARN of the Lambda role or assumed role. The Lambda role is still denied from writing to S3 using the IAM policy simulator.Another common action typo is the inclusion of unnecessary text in ARNs, such as arn:aws:s3: : :*, or missing colons in actions, such as iam.CreateUser. You can evaluate a policy that might include typos by choosing Next to review the policy summary and confirm whether the policy provides the permissions you intended.You can create root user access keys with the IAM console, AWS CLI, or AWS API. A newly created access key has the status of active, which means that you can use the access key for CLI and API calls. You are limited to two access keys for each IAM user, which is useful when you want to rotate the access keys.Another common action typo is the inclusion of unnecessary text in ARNs, such as arn:aws:s3: : :*, or missing colons in actions, such as iam.CreateUser. You can evaluate a policy that might include typos by choosing Next to review the policy summary and confirm whether the policy provides the permissions you intended.There are many such parameters. This one happens to give us the account ID, which is crucial for constructing the ARN. Now, the rest is just the creation of an ARN using this account ID. Fn::Join is simply a CloudFormation built-in that allows concatenation of strings.Can you write an s3 bucket policy that will deny access to all principals except a particular IAM role and AWS service role (e.g. billingreports.amazonaws.com).. I have tried using 'Deny' with 'NotPrincipal', but none of the below examples work as I don't think the ability to have multiple types of principals is supported by AWS?arn:aws:iam:: account-ID-without-hyphens :user/Richard A unique identifier for the IAM user. This ID is returned only when you use the API, Tools for Windows PowerShell, or AWS CLI to create the IAM user; you do not see this ID in the console. For more information about these identifiers, see IAM identifiers. IAM users and credentials To find the ARN of an IAM role, run the [aws iam get-role][2] command or just go and check it from the IAM service in your account web console UI. An AWS account ID; The string "*" to represent all users; Additionally, review the Principal elements in the policy and check that they're formatted correctly. If the Principal is one user, the ... Jun 9, 2021 · As per the documentation, you will be required to add "sts:GetServiceBearerToken" access in your access policy as well.. The codeartifact:GetAuthorizationToken and sts:GetServiceBearerToken permissions are required to call the GetAuthorizationToken API. Logging IAM and AWS STS API calls with AWS CloudTrail. IAM and AWS STS are integrated with AWS CloudTrail, a service that provides a record of actions taken by an IAM user or role. CloudTrail captures all API calls for IAM and AWS STS as events, including calls from the console and from API calls. If you create a trail, you can enable ...PrincipalにルートユーザのARNが指定されており、ここでARNが示すものは「アカウントID 123456789012のアカウント内のIAMユーザ、ロール」です。. 余談ですが、ルートユーザはスイッチロールができません。. AWS アカウントのルートユーザー としてサインインする ...As per the documentation, you will be required to add "sts:GetServiceBearerToken" access in your access policy as well.. The codeartifact:GetAuthorizationToken and sts:GetServiceBearerToken permissions are required to call the GetAuthorizationToken API.The way you sign in to AWS depends on what type of AWS user you are. There are different types of AWS users. You can be an account root user, an IAM user, a user in IAM Identity Center, a federated identity, or use AWS Builder ID. For more information, see User types. You can access AWS by signing in with any of following methods: There are many such parameters. This one happens to give us the account ID, which is crucial for constructing the ARN. Now, the rest is just the creation of an ARN using this account ID. Fn::Join is simply a CloudFormation built-in that allows concatenation of strings.The AWS secrets engine generates AWS access credentials dynamically based on IAM policies. This generally makes working with AWS IAM easier, since it does not involve clicking in the web UI. Additionally, the process is codified and mapped to internal auth methods (such as LDAP). The AWS IAM credentials are time-based and are automatically ...Background. This resource represents a snapshot for an AWS root user account. This is largely similar to the AWS.IAM.User resource, but with a few added fields. Being a separate resource type also simplifies and optimizes writing policies which apply only to the root account, a common pattern. When you specify an AWS account, you can use the account ARN (arn:aws:iam::account-ID:root), or a shortened form that consists of the "AWS": prefix followed by the account ID. For example, given an account ID of 123456789012 , you can use either of the following methods to specify that account in the Principal element:The following example bucket policy shows how to mix IPv4 and IPv6 address ranges to cover all of your organization's valid IP addresses. The example policy allows access to the example IP addresses 192.0.2.1 and 2001:DB8:1234:5678::1 and denies access to the addresses 203.0.113.1 and 2001:DB8:1234:5678:ABCD::1.Sep 6, 2020 · Teams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about Teams I am creating two resources AWS Lambda function and Role using cloudformation template. I am using role arn as Environment variable. Later using it in code for S3 connection. But getting exception ...Example with root account accessing "Account": You Need Permissions You don't have permission to access billing information for this account. Contact your AWS administrator if you need help. If you are an AWS administrator, you can provide permissions for your users or groups by making sure that (1) this account allows IAM and federated users ... Jul 3, 2019 · Mainly there are four different way to setup the access via cli when cluster was created via IAM role. 1. Setting up the role directly in kubeconfig file. Logging IAM and AWS STS API calls with AWS CloudTrail. IAM and AWS STS are integrated with AWS CloudTrail, a service that provides a record of actions taken by an IAM user or role. CloudTrail captures all API calls for IAM and AWS STS as events, including calls from the console and from API calls. If you create a trail, you can enable ...You can allow users or roles in a different AWS account to use a KMS key in your account. Cross-account access requires permission in the key policy of the KMS key and in an IAM policy in the external user's account. Cross-account permission is effective only for the following operations: Cryptographic operations.The alias ARN is the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of an AWS KMS alias. It is a unique, fully qualified identifier for the alias, and for the KMS key it represents. An alias ARN includes the AWS account, Region, and the alias name. At any given time, an alias ARN identifies one particular KMS key.Open the role and edit the trust relationship. Instead of trusting the account, the role must trust the service. For example, update the following Principal element: "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam:: 123456789012 :root" } Change the principal to the value for your service, such as IAM. If you attach the required permissions to the IAM entity, then any principal in the AWS account 111122223333 has root access to the KMS key. Resolution. You can prevent IAM entities from accessing the KMS key and allow the root user account to manage the key. This also prevents the root user account from losing access to the KMS key.Wildcards are supported at the end of the ARN, e.g., "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:*" will match any IAM principal in the AWS account 123456789012. When resolve_aws_unique_ids is false and you are binding to IAM roles (as opposed to users) and you are not using a wildcard at the end, then you must specify the ARN by omitting any path component ...CloudTrail logs attempts to sign in to the AWS Management Console, the AWS Discussion Forums, and the AWS Support Center. All IAM user and root user sign-in events, as well as all federated user sign-in events, generate records in CloudTrail log files. AWS Management Console sign-in events are global service events.The account ID on the AWS console. This is a 12-digit number such as 123456789012 It is used to construct Amazon Resource Names (ARNs). When referring to resources such as an IAM user or a Glacier vault, the account ID distinguishes these resources from those in other AWS accounts. Acceptable value: Account ID.aws sts assume-role gives AccessDenied. There is a trust set up between the role and Account1 (requiring MFA) I can assume the role in account 2 in the web console without any problems. I can also do aws s3 ls --profile named-profile successfully. However, if I try to run aws sts assume-role with the role arn, I get an error:From what I've understood, EKS manages user and role permissions through a ConfigMap called aws-auth that resides in the kube-system namespace. So despite being logged in with an AWS user with full administrator access to all services, EKS will still limit your access in the console as it can't find the user or role in its authentication configuration.For Actions, start typing AssumeRole in the Filter box and then select the check box next to it when it appears. Choose Resources, ensure that Specific is selected and then choose Add ARN. Enter the AWS member account ID number and then enter the name of the role that you previously created in steps 1–8. Choose Add. To use the IAM API to list your uploaded server certificates, send a ListServerCertificates request. The following example shows how to do this with the AWS CLI. aws iam list- server -certificates. When the preceding command is successful, it returns a list that contains metadata about each certificate.Managing organizational units. PDF RSS. You can use organizational units (OUs) to group accounts together to administer as a single unit. This greatly simplifies the management of your accounts. For example, you can attach a policy-based control to an OU, and all accounts within the OU automatically inherit the policy. Elastic Load Balancing provides access logs that capture detailed information about requests sent to your load balancer. Each log contains information such as the time the request was received, the client's IP address, latencies, request paths, and server responses. You can use these access logs to analyze traffic patterns and troubleshoot issues. Stack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brand"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::account_id:root" If you specify an Amazon Resource Name (ARN) for the principal, the ARN is transformed to a unique principal ID when the policy is saved. For example endpoint policies for gateway endpoints, see the following: "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::account_id:root" If you specify an Amazon Resource Name (ARN) for the principal, the ARN is transformed to a unique principal ID when the policy is saved. For example endpoint policies for gateway endpoints, see the following:
Security Hub identity-based policies. With IAM identity-based policies, you can specify allowed or denied actions and resources as well as the conditions under which actions are allowed or denied. Security Hub supports specific actions, resources, and condition keys. To learn about all of the elements that you use in a JSON policy, see IAM JSON .... Big sandy
AWS ended support for enabling SMS multi-factor authentication (MFA). We recommend that customers who have IAM users that use SMS text message-based MFA switch to one of the following alternative methods: virtual (software-based) MFA device, FIDO security key, or hardware MFA device.In the search box, type AWSElasticBeanstalk to filter the policies. In the list of policies, select the check box next to AWSElasticBeanstalkReadOnly or AdministratorAccess-AWSElasticBeanstalk. Choose Policy actions, and then choose Attach. Select one or more users and groups to attach the policy to.ARNs are constructed from identifiers that specify the service, Region, account, and other information. There are three ARN formats: arn:aws: service: region: account-id: resource-id arn:aws: service: region: account-id: resource-type / resource-id arn:aws: service: region: account-id: resource-type: resource-id.If you create a new alias for your AWS account, the new alias overwrites the previous alias, and the URL containing the previous alias stops working. The account alias must contain only digits, lowercase letters, and hyphens. For more information on limitations on AWS account entities, see IAM and AWS STS quotas.It is not possible to use wildcard in the trust policy except "Principal" : { "AWS" : "*" }.The reason being when you specify an identity as Principal, you must use the full ARN since IAM translates to the unique ID e.g. AIDAxxx (for IAM user) or AROAxxx (for IAM role).On the role that you want to assume, for example using the STS Java V2 API (not Node), you need to set a trust relationship. In the trust relationship, specify the user to trust.In the search box, type AWSElasticBeanstalk to filter the policies. In the list of policies, select the check box next to AWSElasticBeanstalkReadOnly or AdministratorAccess-AWSElasticBeanstalk. Choose Policy actions, and then choose Attach. Select one or more users and groups to attach the policy to. There are many such parameters. This one happens to give us the account ID, which is crucial for constructing the ARN. Now, the rest is just the creation of an ARN using this account ID. Fn::Join is simply a CloudFormation built-in that allows concatenation of strings.See the example aws-auth.yaml file from Enabling IAM user and role access to your cluster. 7. Add designated_user to the mapUsers section of the aws-auth.yaml file in step 6, and then save the file. 8. Apply the new configuration to the RBAC configuration of the Amazon EKS cluster: kubectl apply -f aws-auth.yaml. 9. arn:aws:iam:: account-ID-without-hyphens :user/Richard A unique identifier for the IAM user. This ID is returned only when you use the API, Tools for Windows PowerShell, or AWS CLI to create the IAM user; you do not see this ID in the console. For more information about these identifiers, see IAM identifiers. IAM users and credentials Open the IAM console. In the navigation pane, choose Account settings. Under Security Token Service (STS) section Session Tokens from the STS endpoints. The Global endpoint indicates Valid only in AWS Regions enabled by default. Choose Change. In the Change region compatibility dialog box, select All AWS Regions.AWS ended support for enabling SMS multi-factor authentication (MFA). We recommend that customers who have IAM users that use SMS text message-based MFA switch to one of the following alternative methods: virtual (software-based) MFA device, FIDO security key, or hardware MFA device.Open the IAM console. In the navigation pane, choose Account settings. Under Security Token Service (STS) section Session Tokens from the STS endpoints. The Global endpoint indicates Valid only in AWS Regions enabled by default. Choose Change. In the Change region compatibility dialog box, select All AWS Regions. The account ID on the AWS console. This is a 12-digit number such as 123456789012 It is used to construct Amazon Resource Names (ARNs). When referring to resources such as an IAM user or a Glacier vault, the account ID distinguishes these resources from those in other AWS accounts. Acceptable value: Account ID. Jan 20, 2022 · From what I've understood, EKS manages user and role permissions through a ConfigMap called aws-auth that resides in the kube-system namespace. So despite being logged in with an AWS user with full administrator access to all services, EKS will still limit your access in the console as it can't find the user or role in its authentication configuration. To manage the access keys of an IAM user from the AWS API, call the following operations. To create an access key: CreateAccessKey. To deactivate or activate an access key: UpdateAccessKey. To list a user's access keys: ListAccessKeys. To determine when an access key was most recently used: GetAccessKeyLastUsed.See the example aws-auth.yaml file from Enabling IAM user and role access to your cluster. 7. Add designated_user to the mapUsers section of the aws-auth.yaml file in step 6, and then save the file. 8. Apply the new configuration to the RBAC configuration of the Amazon EKS cluster: kubectl apply -f aws-auth.yaml. 9. .